Formula First 10 kg → 100 mL/kg/day Next 10 kg → 50 mL/kg/day Each kg beyond 20 → 20 mL/kg/day
Hourly = Daily ÷ 24

Reference Holliday MA, Segar WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics. 1957;19(5):823–832.

Formula Volume (mL) = Weight (kg) × Dose (mL/kg)

Reference APLS / PALS Guidelines. Standard isotonic crystalloid bolus is typically 10–20 mL/kg. Adjust based on clinical context.

Formula Deficit (mL) = Weight (kg) × % dehydration × 10 Total = Deficit + 24h Maintenance Hourly = Total ÷ 24

Reference Holliday-Segar for maintenance. Dehydration percentages per WHO/AAP clinical assessment guidelines. Replace deficit over 24–48h per clinical judgment.

Formula % Loss = ((Birth wt - Current wt) / Birth wt) × 100 Normal physiologic loss: up to 7–10% in first week.

Reference AAP Newborn Nursery Guidelines. Neonates typically regain birth weight by 10–14 days.

Formula Weeks premature = 40 - GA at birth Corrected age = Chronological age - weeks premature

Reference AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Corrected age used for developmental assessment until 2–3 years in preterm infants (<37 weeks GA).

Method — AAP 2022 Phototherapy thresholds from AAP 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline (Kemper et al.), stratified by gestational age band (≥38w, 35–37+6w) and neurotoxicity risk factors. Exchange transfusion threshold = phototherapy threshold + 5 mg/dL. Applies to infants ≥35 weeks GA, ≥24 hours old. GA ≥38w, no risk factors: <24h: photo ≥10, exchange ≥15 24–47h: photo ≥13, exchange ≥18 48–71h: photo ≥15, exchange ≥20 72–95h: photo ≥17, exchange ≥22 ≥96h: photo ≥17, exchange ≥22 GA 35–37+6w, no risk factors: −2 mg/dL Any risk factor present: −2 mg/dL

Reference Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3):e2022058859.

Replaces: AAP 2004 guideline (Pediatrics 2004;114:297-316).

References WHO Child Growth Standards (0–5 years): de Onis M et al. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. 2006.

CDC Growth Charts (2–20 years): Kuczmarski RJ et al. Vital Health Stat. 2002. Note: CDC charts start at 2 years — use WHO for children under 2.

Saudi Growth Charts (0–19 years): El Mouzan MI et al. Saudi Med J. 2007;28(10):1555–1568. KACST AR-20-63. Endorsed by Health Services Council of Saudi Arabia.

Formulas Mosteller: sqrt(Ht x Wt / 3600) DuBois: 0.007184 x Ht^0.725 x Wt^0.425 Haycock: 0.024265 x Ht^0.3964 x Wt^0.5378

Reference Mosteller RD. N Engl J Med. 1987. Haycock GB et al. J Pediatr. 1978.

Formula Uncuffed ID = (Age/4) + 4 Cuffed ID = (Age/4) + 3.5 Depth (cm) = (Age/2) + 12

Reference APLS / PALS Guidelines. Cole F. Pediatric formulas for the anesthesiologist. AMA J Dis Child. 1957. Use with clinical judgment; smaller tubes may be needed for anatomic variation.

Formula APLS (1–5 yrs): (Age + 4) × 2 APLS (6–12 yrs): Age × 3 BEST (1–10 yrs): (Age × 3) + 7

Reference Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) 5th edition. Luscombe M, Owens B. Weight estimation in resuscitation. Emerg Med J. 2007. BEST formula: Theron L et al. 2005.

Classification (AAP 2017) Normal < 90th percentile Elevated 90th – <95th percentile Stage 1 HTN ≥95th percentile OR ≥130/80 (whichever is lower) AND < 95th+12 mmHg Stage 2 HTN ≥95th+12 mmHg OR ≥140/90 Height percentile derived from CDC 2000 LMS growth charts and used to look up the age/sex/height-specific BP threshold from the AAP 2017 normative tables.

Reference Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904.